This week’s technology report isn’t on something you can use - yet. ScienceDaily reports that a team at the University of Reading has created a robot that is controlled by an actual biological brain. This has a great deal of potential applications as it continues to develop and become more complex.

Using cultured neurons, the scientists developed this brain in a move to determine how memories manifest and how the brain “stores specific pieces of data”. The neurons are placed into a dish called a multi-electrode array (MEA) that has 60 electrodes which pick up the electrical signals sent by the cells. These signals are what determine how the robot moves.

As researchers figure out how to get the robot to learn, they hope to be able to watch the actual process of how memories manifest themselves when the robot travels over known territory.

Knowing more about how memory forms will help researchers understand how memory is damaged in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) and eventually, how to repair it!

To keep an eye on this research, visit the University of Reading.

This week’s resource is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) teen driver fact sheet.

The CDC says that motor vehicle accidents are the leading U.S. cause of teen deaths, accounting for more than one in three deaths. This site has some valuable information such as the size of this problem, who is at risk, risk factors and how to prevent these accidents.

They include a section specifically for traumatic brain injury (TBI), citing 1.4 million cases a year in the U.S. alone.

For more information and additional resources, visit the CDC fact sheet.

Researchers at Johns Hopkins University are helping U.S. soldiers with early detection and timely treatment of traumatic brain injuries.

A prototype software has been designed to “integrate in real time data provided by medics on the battlefield with information from the patient’s electronic medical record, filter them through a template and present a visualization over a network to a physician in a remote location who could then diagnose TBI and direct treatment.”

This means that a soldier who is injured in some remote location like Iraq can have the needed brain injury information ready and waiting to put into play once the patient arrives.

This system uses data such as the injured soldier’s heart rate, respiration rate and blood pressure that is added to the patient’s medical history to determine the degree of the injury and the next needed step.

As traumatic brain injuries need to be treated as soon as possible, this software’s ability to “visually transfer the physician to the battle” will greatly increase a soldier’s chance of survival and recovery after sustaining a TBI.

Youthful energy sometimes runs too high - resulting in fistfights, brawls, scuffles…and this energy isn’t limited to teenagers. Whether boxing for entertainment or out of anger, people need to be aware of how much damage a simple-seeming punch can cause.

Whatever the impetus, one hit to the wrong place can cause serious, permanent damage. An impact to the head can have unseen consequences, with memory problems and impaired cognitive functioning showing up long after the initial incident. It’s not just the force of hand to head that’s dangerous, it’s also the fall that the person may take after being knocked about.

A 2007 study from the American Academy of Neurology, tittled Does Amateur Boxing Cause Brain Damage?, focused on brain damage indicators such as high levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of neuronal and glial markers in the brains of amateur boxers. They found that there was four times the level in boxers compared to healthy non-athletes.

Considering that boxers make a living at a sport where the head is regularly impacted, this study has some potential application. There are a variety of opinions and even studies that try to either prove or disprove the lasting effects of a concussion - whether or not it can cause permanent brain damage. As with most topics we discuss here, we aren’t stating that this scenario is the absolute “for sure” one, but that prevention makes a world of difference.

You may not typically be an angry person, but perhaps the knowledge that one strong punch or even slap can cause brain damage will stay your hand when you are close to losing it. Perhaps bringing awareness of the potential for life-long damage will encourage youth to think twice before engaging in “friendly” boxing. Awareness - it’s a start!

Image from Beavis and Butthead.

There are two new groundbreaking developments in paralysis and spinal cord research. These are peripheral nerve re-routing, and suppression of scar formation and spinal cord regeneration.

Peripheral Nerve Re-Routing

Peripheral nerve re-routing entails taking the peripheral nerves above the point of injury, and surgically rerouting them so they are connected to peripheral nerves below the injury site. This allows new functional connections between the brain and previously dormant muscle or sensory system to be created.

Peripheral nerve re-routing has been around for about 100 years, and has been attempted on hundreds of patients with spinal cord injuries. While peripheral nerve re-routing can’t completely cure a spinal cord injury, it can allow for various degrees of improvement. For example, patients with C1 to C4 injuries have experienced improved respiratory function following the procedure, while some arm and hand function has been returned to patients with C5 through C9 injuries. Patients with lower spinal cord injuries have, in some cases, seen improvement in leg function.

Suppression of Scar Formation and Spinal Cord Regeneration

This theory is based on the idea that traumatic spinal cord injury causes inflammation, as well as lack of a cell—called glia—where the nerve fibers are damaged. The result is the formation of a fibrous meshwork of dense scar tissue that prevents axons from regenerating. Suppression of scar formation and spinal cord regeneration is a two-pronged approach designed to reverse the process of scarring and promote the healing of nerve fibers.

During this procedure, scar tissue is suppressed or removed in order to promote axon growth across sites of the injury. Second, a therapy designed to restore glia, such as stem cell therapy, is used to regenerate the spinal cord. While studies in humans is still relatively new, studies on animals have shown significant promise.

Choosing the right rehabilitation facility is one of the most important decisions a survivor of a brain or spinal cord injury will make. That’s because the type and quality of care will have a significant impact on the patient’s long-term outcome.

A good rehabilitation center should offer the survivor of a brain or spinal cord injury a combination of specialized medical care needed to return to the highest level of function, as well as the inspiration and strength needed to cope with difficult injuries.

Ranking the Facilities

Each year, US News & World Report ranks nearly 200 hospitals in 17 specialties. Included in this list is the top ten rehabilitation hospitals in the USA for the year 2007. Rankings are obtained through a nationwide survey of board-certified physicians. In order, this year’s top ten rehabilitation facilities are:
The Rehabilitation Center of Chicago in Illinois.
The Kessler Institute of Rehabilitation, with three locations throughout New Jersey.
The University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington.
Memorial Hermann-TIRR, Houston, Texas.
The Mayo Clinic’s Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Rochester, Minnesota.
Craig Hospital, Denver, Colorado
Rusk Institute, NYU Medical Center, New York, New York
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, D.C.
Ohio State University Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.

Choosing a rehabilitation facility with an excellent track record of success, such as the ones listed above, will contribute to the success of the patient’s long-term outlook.

A recent article in BioWorld Today by Donna Young discuses the difficulties that traumatic brain injury (TBI) research faces when looking for potential investors.

It would seem that financial backers are turned off by past drug failures that are brain injury specific - strokes, brain illnesses and brain trauma. Harry Tracy who runs NI Research, a neurological focused consulting firm, cites 50 stroke drugs that failed over the past 10 years. Tracy says that this is because of the difficulty in conducting clinical trials as there are a variety of reactions to not only the drugs but the injuries themselves.

This lack of ready progress, high cost and level of complexity discourages potential investors from TBI research, which detrimentally effects millions every year. Larry Glass, CEO of Neuren Pharmaceuticals Ltd. says that TBI is second only to hemorrhage as a cause of death for soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Glass believes that while there are initial complications and expenses involved, “the potential for returns are phenomenal” which is why his company is partnering with the U.S. Army to develop the drug NNZ-2566. This drug will hopefully work to prevent secondary damage to brain cells, reducing the degree of damage sustained by the initial TBI.

There is hope - in May lawmakers introduced a bill intended to add $75 million to the annual amount of federal TBI research funding. Not a significant amount when compared to the need, this money will still benefit some areas of vital development and research, perhaps providing the little bit extra needed for some lab to come up with the next wonder drug.

Young points out another potential avenue that companies can explore to advance their pharmaceuticals, “to exploit the crossover between orphan disorders.” By doing this, firms are able to work on two or more diseases at once, using their common elements to hopefully find potential cures for both. An example of this is Huntington’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Both diseases share a common pathological hallmark that can potentially be treated with the same drug.

It’s frustrating to see pharmaceutical companies pursuing drugs that target the wealthy such as those for erectile dysfunction and longevity, while ignoring research into topics that affect millions who don’t have bottomless pockets. We can keep our fingers crossed that something with a significant profit potential is developed that can also benefit TBIs.

Shaken Baby Syndrome has been prevalent in the news lately, not from an increase in incidents, but from a larger push for awareness of this painful topic. The Woman’s Hospital of Greensboro has created an “evidence-based shaken baby prevention program” that will begin educating parents after they have given birth but before they are discharged.

The goal of the program is to significantly reduce Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) in North Carolina by 50 percent in the next five years. Standing out, this intervention program is the largest and most comprehensive in the nation. By sharing this information with all new parents, the hospital will benefit an estimated 125,000 babies a year.

SBS affects between 1,200 to 1,400 babies a year, and one out of four don’t survive. The brain injury resulting from this type of brain trauma includes seizures, mental retardation, delayed development, paralysis, impaired cognitive function, broken bones and more. When the child is shaken, the brain is knocked against the sides of the skull, causing extensive damage to the soft tissue.

Close to 80 percent of the perpetrators are male and more than 60 percent of the victims are also male. With these statistics, it makes sense that programs are developed that educate both of the parents or caregivers involved. SBS usually occurs when adults become angry or frustrated, often due to the period of excessive crying that dontshake.org calls “PURPLE Crying”. The purple period is from about two weeks old until four to five months after the child’s birth.

Various programs such as the one at the Woman’s Hospital of Greensboro and the PURPLE program offer booklets and videos that are designed to prepare new parents for their child’s crying. They provide details on how to deal with the situation in a healthy manner and how to find relief for themselves before they lose control and shake the baby.

Image credit here.

Donald Stein is recognized by the Ladies Home Journal as one of four winners of the Health Breakthrough Award for 2008. Stein, the director of Emory’s Department of Emergency Medicine Brain Research Laboratory, has helped direct women’s health care.

It turns out that Stein has also discovered a way to lower the risk of death and disability after a traumatic brain injury through the use of progesterone.

Progesterone, a steroid hormone that helps with the development of the embryo, also works to protect injured brain tissue. Stein found that there was a 56% increase in brain function in the patients who took progesterone shortly after a TBI.

This study, available in the Annals of Emergency Medicine 2007 issue, pinpointed how critical progesterone is to the development of neurons.

Image credit here.