There are a wide variety effects that result from brain injury, and they vary in both duration in type. As a general rule of thumb, the more severe the brain injury, the more permanent and debilitating damage will result. Effects can be immediate or long term, and can be physical, cognitive, or emotional.
A brain injury can result in six abnormal states of consciousness. These include:
Generally speaking, the length of time the patient is unconscious will determine the severity of the injury. Other less severe immediate effects of brain injury include:
Depending upon the severity of the injury, long-term cognitive effects are possible. The most common long-term cognitive effects include memory loss, post-traumatic amnesia, concentration and attention problems, communication and language issues, and post-traumatic dementia.
Long-term effects on the senses are also possible, including problems with vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
Some patients experience long-term emotional or behavioral problems after experiencing a brain injury. Common emotional effects include irritability, anxiety, insomnia, depression, confusion, frustration, agitation, mood swings, and clinical depression. Behaviors may include violence, inappropriate actions, emotional outbursts, lack of self control, impulsivity, poor self-awareness, and alcohol and drug abuse.
Seizure is the most common long-term physical effect among those who have experienced a brain injury, especially those who have contusions or hematomas. Other physical that may result from brain injury include Parkinson’s disease, loss of coordination, partial paralysis, and sudden muscle contractions.